拉文纳

拉文纳（中国大陆的正式译名是拉韦纳）是意大利艾米利亚—罗马涅区的一个城市, 人口134,631人 (2001年资料)。拉文纳不靠海, 但可以由运河通到亚得里亚海。拉文纳曾是罗马帝国还有後来东哥德王国的首都, 现在则是拉文纳省的省会。

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现在的拉文纳范围没有靠海, 但以前拉文纳曾是对亚得里亚海很重要的海港, 同时也是罗马帝国还有早期中古世纪的行政中心。拉文纳是建在海岸泻湖的, 此泻湖在十六世纪的地图上还有出现, 而古城则有数条运河通过。拉文纳曾帮罗马帝国抵抗高卢人, 直到西元前一世纪拉文纳在内战帮助马略为止, 它一直是罗马帝国的同盟。苏拉後来把拉文纳并吞到山南高卢省。 拉文纳也是罗马舰队重要的据点, 它的港口还戴有拉丁文"罗马海军" (classis)的称号, 有城墙保护自己。城墙的遗迹罗马帝国海军金门到了十六世纪才被打掉。当时城墙的柱子被当战利品分散在拉文纳的基督教堂里, 甚至有部分被送到威尼斯去。罗马时期的雕塑则用在洗者圣若翰堂当装饰。

在西元402年西罗马帝国和诺里皇帝为了躲避阿拉利克人的攻击, 把住所从米兰改到拉文纳。在和诺里死後, 他妹妹盖拉·普拉奇迪亚靠著她未成年的皇帝儿子瓦伦提尼安三世帮帝国掌管拉文纳。从这时起城里开始兴建多数普拉奇迪亚自己想要盖异教的(後来都被摧毁了)以及关於基督教(多数保留)的纪念建筑物。

拉文纳变成西罗马帝国最後的首都, Romolo Augustolo per mano degli 奥多阿克国王希路里 di , a sua volta fu costretto a passare il potere nelle mani del Re Goto Teodorico (493年), 拉文纳成为西哥德王国在意大利首府sotto il cui dominio, durato circa 30 anni, la città fu arricchita di nobili monumenti nonché del culto Ariano. In seguito alla caduta dell'西罗马帝国 e la sempre più crescente autorità di Bisanzio, per volontà dell'Imperatore Giustiniano, furono mandati al governo di 拉文纳 gli esarchi. Il potere assai tirannico di questi ultimi tuttavia offriva motivo di odio presso 拉文纳平民 che, al fine di liberarsene, si mossero in lotta al fianco dei Longobardi, che pure ambivano il dominio di 拉文纳 per estendersi verso sud. Per volontà del法兰克国王丕平但拉文纳改为被教廷管理 e, nonostante ribellioni vane dei 拉文纳人, vi rimase per diversi secoli. 在1512年神圣同盟战争, 拉文纳 fu teatro di scempio e sangue per 使用现代武器的第一场大战 mai subita prima. Dopo il momentaneo dominio napoleonico 拉文纳 torna nuovamente allo 教廷直到1859年, in seguito a continue ribellioni, non verrà annessa al Piemonte e nel 1861 gode dell'Unità d'Italia. 在第一次世界大战, 拉文纳 seppe dar dura prova della sua forza nella lotta al Fascismo, 因此被轰炸得更严重. Tale valore le ha concesso il godimento della Medaglia d'Oro al valor Militare.

阿明尼乌斯的遗孀图斯内尔达和马科曼尼国王马罗博杜斯曾被囚禁在拉文纳。The 18th century cathedral occupies the site of the 4th century basilica, Christianized by Bishop Ursus约西元380年. No vestige remains however of the secular palaces of Honorius. The earliest churches have scarcely fared better: Sant' Agata, a basilica of three naves, (San Pietro in Classis was torn down in the 16th century, to make room for fortifications); San Giovanni Evangelista, (largely rebuilt in Gothic style and stripped of its mosaics in 1747); part of Santa Croce; some columns in San Giovanni Battista. The most important is the square chapel of the archiepiscopal palace (dedicated to San Pietro Crisologo) with its mosaics.

The "tomb" of Galla Placidia, preserved by being made the church of Santi Nazario e Celso, which contains the finest mosaics of 拉文纳, deserves special mention. It is built in the shape of a Greek cross, and has a cupola that is entirely in mosaics, representing eight apostles and symbolical figures of doves drinking from a vessel, a Roman motif; the other four apostles are represented on the vaults of the transverse arm; over the door is a representation of Christ as the Good Shepherd, young, beardless, with flowing hair, and surrounded by sheep; opposite, there is a subject that is interpreted as representing St. Lawrence. There are three sarcophagi; the largest is said to have been that of Galla Placidia, and that her embalmed body was deposited there in a sitting position, clothed with the imperial mantle; in 1577, however, the contents of the sarcophagus were accidentally burned.

San Giovanni in Fonte was the 东正教的洗礼堂, dedicated by Archbishop Neon (449-52), built over the caldarium of public baths on the same site. It is of octagonal shape, with the interior walls and vault adorned with mosaics. In the centre of the cupola is the baptism of Christ, on a golden field, with a personification of the River Jordan; around are grouped the twelve Apostles on a blue field; and below are other figures, possibly of the prophets; there are also arabesques, etc. The marbles of the socle were taken from secular buildings.

After 493, . Here the 王国 was ruled by Theodoric the Great. After the battle of Verona, 奥多阿克 retreated to 拉文纳, where he withstood a siege of three years by Theodoric, until the taking of Rimini deprived 拉文纳 of supplies. Archbishop Joannes served as the peace mediator (493). Theodoric employed Roman architects for secular and religious structures, including the lost palace near San Apollinare Nuovo; the "Palazzo di Teodorico" was an outbuilding. The palace itself was sacked by the Byzantines in 539, became the seat of the exarchs and of the King of the Lombards. Charlemagne appropriated columns of this palace for his own palace at Aachen. The last tower that remained of the palace of Theodoric was destroyed in 1295.

Theodoric's Arian bishops had their seat in the cathedral close to the palace. It was rededicated in the 9th century as Sant' Apollinare Nuovo when relics of Saint Apollinaris were transferred there. Its apse and atrium underwent modernization at various times, but the mosaics of the lateral walls, twenty-four columns, and an ambo are preserved. The mosaics of the right side represent a scheme of twenty-six saints going to receive their crowns, towards a group representing Christ, beardless, enthroned amid four angels; which lattter group is the best. This picture contains a schematic representation of the palace of Theodoric. The Catholics had to revise some of the more Arian of the mosaics, as is shown by some hands that remain near a column. On the left are the virgins moving from the city of Classis towards the group of the Madonna and Child surrounded by four angels; on the two sides are the lines of windows, between which are mosaics representing sixteen saints (Doctors of the Church?) that have much more individuality than the figures already mentioned. On the third story are represented twenty-six scenes of the life and passion of Christ, in which latter, however, the crucifixion is lacking; between each two scenes there is the image of a saint. In another part of the church there is a rough mosaic containing the portrait of the Emperor Justinian.

拉文纳东正教会

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Following the conquests of Belisarius for the Emperor Justinian I in the sixth century, Ravenna became the seat of the Byzantine governor of Italy, the Exarch, and was known as the Exarchate of Ravenna.


天主教以及近代史

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After the Byzantine withdrawal Ravenna was ruled by legates of the Pope as one of the Papal States. It became part of the Kingdom of Italy in 1861.

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当地有许多罗马帝国晚期以及拜占庭时代的-{zh-cn:镶嵌装饰;zh-tw:马赛克}-保留到现在:
亚略洗礼堂
尼安洗礼堂
圣维他教堂
圣阿波里奈尔教堂
狄奥多里克墓
盖拉·普拉奇迪亚墓