硼

1808年，英国的戴维和法国的盖吕萨克、泰纳，用钾还原硼酸而制得硼。

元素描述：

它是最外层少于4个电子的仅有的非金属元素。其单质有无定形和结晶形两种。前者呈棕黑色到黑色的粉末。后者呈乌黑色到银灰色，并有金属光泽。硬度与金刚石相近。无定形的硼密度2.3克/厘米3，（25-27℃）；晶形的硼密度2.31克/厘米3，熔点2300℃，沸点2550℃，化合价3。在室温下无定形硼在空气中缓慢氧化，在800℃左右能自燃。硼与盐酸或氢氟酸，即使长期煮沸，也不起作用。它能被热浓硝酸和重铬酸钠与硫酸的混合物缓慢侵蚀和氧化。过氧化氢和过硫酸铵也能缓慢氧化结晶硼。上述试剂与无定形硼作用激烈。与碱金属碳酸盐和氢氧化物混合物共熔时，所有各种形态的硼都被完全氧化。氯、溴、氟与硼作用而形成相应的卤化硼。约在600℃硼与硫激烈反应形成一种硫化硼的混合物。硼在氮或氨气中加热到1000℃以上则形成氮化硼，温度在1800-2000℃是硼和氢仍不发生反应，硼和硅在2000℃以上反应生成硼化硅。在高温时硼能与许多金属和金属氧化物反应，生成金属硼化物。

元素来源：在自然界中,硼只以其化合物形式存在着(像在硼砂、硼酸中,在植物和动物中只存在有痕量的硼),通常由电解熔融的氟硼酸钾和氯化钾或热还原它的其他化合物(如氧化硼)制得

制备方法有：硼的氧化物用活泼金属热还原；用氢还原硼的卤化物；用碳热还硼砂；电解熔融硼酸盐或其他含硼化合物；热分解硼的氢化合物上述方法所得初产品均应真空除气或控制卤化，才可制得高纯度的硼。

元素用途：它主要用于冶金(如为了增加钢的硬度)及核子学中,因为它吸收中子能力强

由于硼在高温时特别活泼，因此被用来作冶金除气剂、锻铁的热处理、增加合金钢高温强固性，硼还用于原子反应堆和高温技术中。棒状和条状硼钢在原子反应堆中广泛用作控制棒。由于硼具有低密度、高强度和高熔点的性质，可用来制作导弹的火箭中所用的某些结构材料。硼的化合物在农业、医药、玻璃工业等方面用途很广。

元素辅助资料：

天然含硼的化合物硼砂（Na2B4O7·10H2O）早为古代医药学家所知悉。我国西藏是世界上盛产硼砂的地方。

1702年法国医生霍姆贝格首先从硼砂制得硼酸，称为salsedativum，即镇静盐。1741年法国化学家帕特指出，硼砂与硫酸作用除生成硼酸外，还得到硫酸钠。1789年拉瓦锡把硼酸基列入元素表。1808年英国化学家戴维和法国化学家盖吕萨克、泰纳各自获得单质硼。硼的拉丁名称为 boracium，元素符号为B。这一词来自borax（硼砂）。

硼，原子序数5，原子量10.811。约公元前200年，古埃及、罗马、巴比伦曾用硼沙制造玻璃和焊接黄金。1808年法国化学家盖·吕萨克和泰纳尔分别用金属钾还原硼酸制得单质硼。硼在地壳中的含量为0.001%。天然硼有2种同位素：硼10和硼11，其中硼10最重要。

    硼为黑色或银灰色固体。晶体硼为黑色，熔点约2300°C，沸点2550°C，密度2.34克/厘米³，硬度仅次于金刚石，较脆。

    硼在室温下比较稳定，即使在盐酸或氢氟酸中长期煮沸也不起作用。硼能和卤组元素直接化合，形成卤化硼。硼在600～1000°C可与硫、锡、磷、砷反应；在1000～1400°C与氮、碳、硅作用，高温下硼还与许多金属和金属氧化物反应，形成金属硼化物。这些化合物通常是高硬度、耐熔、高电导率和化学惰性的物质，常具有特殊的性质。

    硼的应用比较广泛。硼与塑料或铝合金结合，是有效的中子屏蔽材料；硼钢在反应堆中用作控制棒；硼纤维用于制造复合材料等。
GENERAL INFORMATION ABOUT BORON
 

  Boron:

Boron was discovered by Joseph Gay-Lussac and Louis Thénard, French chemists,  and independently by Sir Humphry Davy, a British chemist, in 1808 
Boron is a hard, brittle semi_metallic element.

Chemical Symbol :  B
Atomic number   :   5
Atomic weight    :  10.81
Melting Point      :  2348 K 
Boiling Point       :  4273 K

Boron Minerals:

Boron does not occur in nature as free element, crude borax occurs in nature as a mineral with associated clay and other impurities.There are over 200 naturally occuring boron containing minerals but the most commercially important and frequently traded minerals (salts, known as borates) are tincal  colemanite, ulexite and kernite . These ores can be refined into a pure chemical  compounds of commercial importance are:

Boric acid                 H3BO3
Anhydrous boric acid  B2O3
Anhydrous borax        Na2B4O7
Borax pentahydrate    Na2B4O7.10H2O
Borax decahydrate     Na2B4O7.5H2O
Sodium Perborate       Na2B4O7.5H2O
 

some commercially important boron minerals

Tincal           Na2B4O7.10H2O
Kernite          Na2B4O7.4H2O
Colemanite     Ca2B6O11.5H2O
Ulexite          NaCaB5O9.8H2O
Datolite         Ca2B2O5.Si2O5.H2O
Hydroboracite  CaMgB6O11.6H2O

Turkey is the largest producer of boron ore in the world.  İmportant boron minerals of Turkey's are tincal, colemanite and ulexite. Boron minerals contain different amount of B2O3 in their structures. The important factor for industrial application of boron minerals are B2O3 content, so they can replace each other in use . This means that one boron mineral can be trade competiter the other one.

Boron minerals can be used in some sectors in the industry as crude minerals. In general, their applications after refining and end-products are wider than crude ones. Borates find use in a different sectors, however the principal markets are: Agriculture, detergents and soaps, flame retardants,glass, glazes, frits , enamels and insulation.

Boron Reserves
In the world, Turkey, USA and Russia have the important boron mines. In terms of total reserve basis, Turkey has a share of %72.20, the other important country USA is %6.8.
Total world boron reserves on the basis of B2O3 content are 369 million tons proven. 807 million tones probable and possible, as a total of 1,176 million tons. With a share of %72.20, Turkey has a total boron reserves of  851 million tons on the basis of B2O3 content .
 

Boron minerals can be used in some sectors in the industry as crude minerals. In general, their applications after refining and end-products are wider than crude ones. Boron minerals, borates and compounds  have a very wide range of applications.
 
 

 Agriculture
-Essential micronutrient for all plant

  
 Detergents and Soaps
-Act as pH buffer
-Soften the Washing water
-Enhance the solubility of other ingredients
-Act as a gentle but powerful bleaching agent
-Anti-bacterial properties eliminate micro organisms.
 Ceramic Glazes and Enamel Frits
-Provide good fluxing properties
-Provide a good base for dissolving colouring agents.
 Insulation Fibreglass
-Reduce the temperature at which fibres are formed.
-Improve the durability of the glass fibres
-Reduce the viscositry of the molten glass.
-Increase the biosolubility of the glass fibres.
 
 Timber Preservation
- Prevent and control the spread of bacteria.
- Inhibit corrosion.
- Act as flame retardant
 
 Flame Retardants
- Enhance the performance of alumina trihydrate
- Effective as flame retardants
 
 Nuclear Power Stations
- Absorb thermal neutrons
- Used to control nuclear reaction
- Used in nuclear shielding.
 Cosmetics and Medicine

- Neutralize fatty acid.
- Act as emulsifiers in certain creams
- Give mild antiseptic properties.

  Metallurgy
- Used as cover fluxes
- Dissolve and remove un wanted metal oxides as slag.
 

 Other
-Glass,
-Magnets
-Automobile airbags
-Photography
-Fuels
-Optical fibres
-Adhesives
 

 

 

 

硼

BORON  PRODUCTS
 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 Bigadiç Colemanite
Ground Colemanite
Kestelek Colemanite  
Hisarcık Colemanite 
Espey Colemanite 
Tincal
Ulexite 
Borax DH
Borax  PH
ETİBOR-48
ETİBOR-68
Boric Acid
Sodium Perborate