jazz

I  Introduction

Jazz, type of music first developed by African Americans around the first decade of the 20th century that has an identifiable history and distinct stylistic evolution. Jazz grew up alongside the blues and popular music, and all these genres overlap in many ways. However, critics generally agree about whether artists fall squarely in one camp or another.



II  Characteristics

Since its beginnings jazz has branched out into so many styles that no single description fits all of them accurately. A few generalizations can be made, however, bearing in mind that for all of them, exceptions can be cited.

Performers of jazz improvise within the conventions of their chosen style. Typically, the improvisation is accompanied by the repeated chord progression of a popular song or an original composition. Instrumentalists emulate black vocal styles, including the use of glissandi (sliding movements that smoothly change the pitch), nuances of pitch (including blue notes, the “bent” notes that are played or sung slightly lower than the major scale), and tonal effects such as growls and wails.

In striving to develop a personal sound, or tone color (an idiosyncratic sense of rhythm and form and an individual style of execution), performers create rhythms characterized by constant syncopation (the placing of accents in unexpected places, usually on the weaker beat) and by swing. Swing can be defined as a sensation of momentum in which a melody is alternately heard together with, then slightly at variance with, the regular beat. Written scores, if present, are often used merely as guides, providing structure within which improvisation occurs. The typical instrumentation begins with a rhythm section consisting of piano, string bass, drums, and optional guitar, to which may be added any number of wind instruments. In big bands the wind instruments are grouped into three sections: saxophones, trombones, and trumpets.

Although exceptions occur in some styles, most jazz is based on the principle that an infinite number of melodies can fit the chord progressions of any song. The musician improvises new melodies that fit the chord progression, which is repeated again and again as each soloist is featured, for as many choruses as desired.

Although pieces with many different formal patterns are used for jazz improvisation, two formal patterns in particular are frequently found in songs used for jazz. One is the AABA form of popular-song choruses, which typically consists of 32 measures in ¹ meter, divided into four 8-measure sections: section A, a repetition of section A, section B (the “bridge” or “release,” often beginning in a new key), and a repetition of section A. The second form, with roots deep in African American folk music, is the 12-bar blues form. Unlike the 32-bar AABA form, blues songs have a fairly standardized chord progression.



III  Origins

Jazz is rooted in the mingled musical traditions of African Americans. These include traits surviving from West African music; black folk music forms developed in the Americas; European popular and light classical music of the 18th and 19th centuries; and later popular music forms influenced by black music or produced by black composers. Among the surviving African traits are vocal styles that include great freedom of vocal color; a tradition of improvisation; call-and-response patterns; and rhythmic complexity, both in the syncopation of individual melodic lines and in the conflicting rhythms played by different members of an ensemble. Black folk music forms include field hollers, rowing chants, lullabies, and later, spirituals and blues (see African American Music).

European music contributed specific styles and forms: hymns, marches, waltzes, quadrilles, and other dance music, as well as light theatrical music and Italian operatic music. European music also introduced theoretical elements, in particular, harmony, both as a vocabulary of chords and as a concept related to musical form. (Much of the European influence was absorbed through private lessons in European music, even when the black musicians so trained could only find work in seedy entertainment districts and on Mississippi riverboats.)

Black-influenced elements of popular music that contributed to jazz include the banjo music of the minstrel shows (derived from the banjo music of slaves), the syncopated rhythmic patterns of African-influenced Latin American music (heard in southern U.S. cities), the barrelhouse piano styles of tavern musicians in the Midwest, and the marches played by black brass bands in the late 19th century. Near the end of the 19th century, another influential genre emerged. This was ragtime, a composed music that combined many elements, including syncopated rhythms (from banjo music and other black sources) and the harmonic contrasts and formal patterns of European marches. After 1910 bandleader W. C. Handy took another influential form, the blues, and broke its strict oral tradition by publishing his original blues songs. (Favored by jazz musicians, Handy’s songs found one of their greatest interpreters in the 1920s in blues singer Bessie Smith, who recorded many of them.)

The merging of these multiple influences into jazz is difficult to reconstruct because it occurred before the existence of recording, which has provided valuable documentation. Of course, individual musicians had varying backgrounds and few people were directly exposed to all of these influences. For example, most jazz artists were and are city dwellers and might have only known rural black forms indirectly.



IV  History

Most early jazz was played in small dance bands or by solo pianists. Besides ragtime and marches, the repertoire included all kinds of popular dance music and blues. The bands typically played at picnics, weddings, parades, and funerals. Characteristically, the bands played dirges on the way to funerals and lively marches on the way back. Blues and ragtime had arisen independently just a few years before jazz and continued to exist alongside it, influencing the style and forms of jazz and providing important vehicles for jazz improvisation.





街舞里有一种舞种叫JAZZ
   

JAZZ有很多种:比如STREET JAZZ，RAGGAEPOWER JAZZ，MODEN JAZZ，SEXY JAZZ，NEW JAZZ等等

MODEN JAZZ由芭蕾舞蹈演变而来的,是一种很绅士很幽雅的舞种。也是其他JAZZ舞种的基础舞种之一

SEXY JAZZ很性感,在MODEN的柔软基础上加上一些SEXY的演变

POWER JAZZ 是种力量型的JAZZ，很注重力点和力的爆发捏还有控制,跳起来属于很劲爆的那种

FUNKY JAZZ比较类似POWER JAZZ也是力量之一,但是他注重力的点和过程的结合运用,跳起来相似于HIPHOP中的PUNKY

STREET JAZZ是由POWER JAZZ和FUNKY还有部分HIPHOP元素组成!可观性很强的

RAGGAE 我觉得是现在很受欢迎的女孩子舞种!结合了SEXY JAZZ和HIPHOP的NEWSCOOL的感觉!他的原始就是PUP里面的钢管舞!可不是艳舞哈，现在看到的RAGGAE大多都是改编过的``

关于NEW JAZZ
其实new jazz 就是现在我们现在一般在跳的爵士，只不过pose点比较多
以前可能是有了舞蹈，再找音乐，但是新潮爵士则是有音乐，再配合去编舞，像各式音乐MTV。
NEW JAZZ早期是在美国纽约由芭蕾所演化过来的。。。
创造出了芭蕾融合HIP-HOP的街舞魅力
其实NEW JAZZ的特色也可以说成是JAZZ加上HIP-HOP的一种舞````
NEW JAZZ的特色就是：身体的延展。NEW JAZZ的每一个动作都有固定的角度跟摆的方式
跳NEW JAZZ的时候作手的动作的时候会有无限延伸的感觉，这种感觉就像是有人正在拉你的手一样

另外它也是一种音乐就是“爵士乐”
爵士乐(Jazz)以其极具动感的切分节奏、个性十足的爵士音阶和不失章法的即兴演奏（或演唱）赢得了广大听众的喜爱，同时也得到了音乐领域各界人士的认可。它以布鲁斯和拉格泰姆为源头，经过整整一个世纪的发展，如今已是异彩纷呈、百花齐放。自从1917年第一张爵士唱片诞生以来,它便显示出了巨大的发展潜力。20世纪初的新奥尔良爵士乐 、30 年代大乐队演奏的摇摆乐、40年代的比博普爵士、40 年代末的冷爵士、50年代的硬博普、60 年代的自由爵士、70 年代以后的摇滚爵士，而后拉丁爵士、融合爵士、爵士放克…… 一张张不同风格的爵士唱片汇成了一部爵士乐发展史。

爵士乐的来源--布鲁斯和拉格泰姆

爵士乐是在布鲁斯和拉格泰姆的基础上，融合了某些白人的音乐成份，以小型管乐队的形式即兴演奏而逐渐形成的

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爵士乐的发源地--新奥尔良（New Orleans）

爵士乐于19世纪末、20世纪初诞生于美国的南部城市新奥尔良。19世纪初，法国人统治着新奥尔良。由于管理非常松散，许多非洲黑人从美国南方的奴隶主手下逃到新奥尔良享受"自由黑人"的身份。再因通婚自由，非洲黑人与法国人的结合出现了大量的混血黑人，人?quot;克里奥尔人"。到了19世纪末，新奥尔良的居民中除了白人、黑人外，剩下的就是克里奥尔混血黑人。南北战争前，克里奥尔人享有与白人同样的地位，接受良好的教育，包括古典音乐教育。南北战争后，由于实施新的种族隔离法，迫使他们与黑人为伍。黑人的非洲音乐传统与克里奥尔人的古典音乐训练相结合，对爵士乐的产生起到了良好的作用。

新奥尔良对黑人一直采取比较宽容的态度。当其他城市歧视黑人，压制黑人音乐发展时，新奥尔良仍然允许黑人在大街上以弹唱谋生。新奥尔良也是美国当时惟一实行公娼制度的城市，许多妓院、赌场、娱乐场所给黑人提供了大量的谋生机会。此外，新奥尔良曾是美国的管乐器制作中心，管乐器很便宜，几乎任何黑人都很容易得到一个二手货，因而小型管乐队随处可见。由于这些原因，使爵士乐在新奥尔良这片土地上得到了充分的酝酿，以致迅速地发展起来。

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尽管现代的唱片界有时将爵士乐划分为传统爵士乐和现代爵士乐两类，其中传统爵士乐是指采用了4/4拍的行进性的管乐队演出相关工作的爵士乐，而现代爵士乐是指采用了贝斯演奏跳舞音乐的爵士乐。这种划分有时会显得毫无疑义，如果那这种标准来衡量，人们几乎无法判断肯尼·金是否比比赛希尔·泰勒的音乐更应属于现代爵士乐。其实传统和现代这两个相关的概念予以划分爵士乐的种类并不确切，这造成了一些既具现代风格又包含了传统风格的优秀作品无法分类的问题，因为爵士乐将近一百年的发展历程是连续不断的。各种风格流派也有其相互的联系，大体来说可以划分为以下十九种风格：

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Ragtime（拉格泰姆爵士）

New Orleans（新奥尔良爵士）

Standards（主流爵士乐）

Classic（古典爵士）

Dixieland（迪克西兰爵士）

Cool Jazz（冷爵士或西海岸爵士）

BigBand（大型乐队爵士）

Swing（摇摆爵士）

Bop（波普爵士）

Latin（拉丁爵士）

Brazilian Jazz（巴西爵士乐）

Avant-Garde （前卫爵士）

Post-Bop or Mainstream Jazz（后波普爵士或现代主流爵士）

Third Stream（第三流派爵士）

Hard Bop（硬波普爵士）

Free Jazz（自由爵士）

Fusion（融合爵士）

Crossover Jazz（交叉风格爵士）

Vocal Jazz（人声爵士）